Pollution and soil self-cleaning

Growth of cities, development of technics and the industry lead to substantial growth of quantity of garbage which at wrong gathering, untimely removal cause soil pollution, and also air and water.

The Soil of the occupied places can become soiled firm and liquid garbage, a food waste, industrial and economic-faecal sewage. With garbage in soil pathogenic microorganisms and eggs gelmintov arrive.

In value of soil as transmitter of activators of infectious diseases specified And. P.Dobroslavin, F.F.Erisman, etc. G.V.Hlopin wrote: ' Not less if only no more, are important for improvement of cities of care on preservation of city soil from its excessive pollution by eruptions, economic and factory garbage. The more untidily the soil, the is more in a city of diseases and death. Communication between cleanliness of soil and health of inhabitants is not subject now to any doubt '.

Soil Pollution involves also the air pollution caused by products of decomposition of organic substances, being in garbage. Subsoil waters besides, become soiled. Thus in water on a soil time the liquid part of garbage arrives.

Garbage, arriving in soil, is neutralised thanks to ability of soil to self-cleaning. Soil self-cleaning is the difficult process depending on physical properties of soil, its structure and a chemical compound. But the leading role in this process belongs to microorganisms. Pollution (organic character), got to soil, under the influence of microorganisms decays and turns to water, carbonic gas, mineral salts and gumus. The mineralization of organic substances is carried out in two stages: ammonifikatsiej and nitrifikatsiej.

The Mineralization of organic substances can occur in aerobic (at oxygen access) and anaerobnyh conditions (at absence or insufficient quantity of oxygen). Thus organic substances decay the enzymes allocated with microorganisms and mushrooms. In anaerobnyh conditions there is a rotting and fermentation of organic substances to allocation of fetid gases (ammonia, hydrogen sulphide, methane). Vspahivanie or soil digging up promotes aeration and accelerates its self-cleaning.

At ammonifikatsii there is a splitting of organic substances to ammonia and its connections, pathogenic microorganisms and eggs gelmintov perish.

Carbohydrates thus break up to water and carbonic acid, fats - on glycerine and fat acids which then break up also to water and carbonic acid, sulphur of fibers turns to hydrogen sulphide, and fibers, thanking proteoshticheskim to processes, in amino acids, ammonia. Then process of self-cleaning of soil passes in the second stage of a mineralization nitrifikatsiju which is carried out by means of the soil aerobic microorganisms allocated with Russian scientist S.N.Vinogradskim, - V nitro-somonas and V nitrobacter. The first oxidise turned out on the first stage of a mineralization ammonia to nitrogenous acid, the last - nitrogenous acid in nitric. Also other products of disintegration of fibers in the same way are oxidised. As a result in soil connections (nitrates, sulphates, phosphates) which are used in a food of plants are formed. In soil occur not only processes of disintegration of organic substances, but also their synthesis in which result it is formed gumus (humus). Gumus represents the dark weight rich with organic substances which are not containing pathogenic microorganisms and not publishing a stench. Slowly decaying, it gives to plants necessary nutrients, raising thus fertility of soil.

SANITARY PROTECTION OF SOIL

Soil Protection is a problem of the state importance. In accepted the Supreme body of the USSR in 1969 Bases of the legislation of USSR and union republics about public health services specifies ways of realisation of sanitary protection of soil. Local Councils of People's Deputies carry out the control over cleanliness observance in the occupied places, at the enterprises, streets and court yard, the device, dumps, descent in reservoirs of sewage etc.

Actions for sanitary protection of soil are provided and in the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Ministerial council of the USSR ' About strengthening of wildlife management and improvement of use of natural resources ' (1972). In this document introduction of effective ways and systems of working out of minerals for the purpose of prevention of environmental contamination by industrial wastes, and also for reduction of losses of minerals is planned at their extraction.