Problems of hygiene of work
The Branch of hygiene studying influence of the industrial environment on labour activity of the person and developing actions, directed on improvement of working conditions and increase of its working capacity and productivity, is called as hygiene of work.
A work Sanitary article are studying of labour processes and physiological shifts caused by them in an organism; studying of working capacity of the person and working out of physiological bases of a rational mode of work and rest; studying of factors (meteorological, chemical, physical) the industrial environment for the purpose of working out of the hygienic specifications which are a basis of the legislation in the field of improvement of working conditions, the device and the maintenance of the industrial enterprises; studying of features of productions, the equipment and processed materials, raw materials, auxiliary, intermediate, collateral and end-products of manufacture for the purpose of elimination of their influence on an organism of the working; studying of a state of health working (professional and nonspecific diseases); studying of a condition and efficiency of sanitary-those-nicheskih (ventilation, illumination) and sanitary-household devices and installations, individual defence means etc.
Hygiene of work in the conditions of communism building in the USSR should accumulate knowledge of adverse factors of the industrial environment, promoting that to creation at the industrial enterprises and in agriculture of healthy working conditions, to elimination industrial vrednostej and a traumatism, to the prevention of occupational diseases, strengthening of health working and to increase of productivity of their work.
The Big contribution to development of hygiene of work was brought by known domestic physiologists: Both. M.Setchenov, And. P.Pavlov, N.E.Vvedensky, A.A.Ukhtomsky, etc. They studied questions of a rational mode of work and rest, productive leisure and training of an organism, an exhaustion problem, and also influence of separate professional factors on an organism.
In creation of the Soviet hygiene of work the outstanding role belongs to S.I.Kaplunu (1897-71943) who was the first organizer of a sanitary labour safety in the USSR, the author of the first managements on hygiene of the work, many monographies and books on a labour safety the head of the Central institute of a labour safety. The considerable contribution to hygiene and work physiology have brought in the USSR E. M.Kagan (1887-1948) organizers and the first director of institute of hygiene of work and occupational diseases in Ukraine (Kharkov) and 3. B.Smelyansky (1892-1960). The big role in doctrine development about a professional pathology belongs to N.A.Vigdorchiku known for for a management by professional illnesses, the monography on an electropathology, silikozu, to social insurance. Founders of industrial toxicology in the USSR are N.S.Pravdin and N. V.Lazarev, the created methods of toxicological researches of industrial poisons, etc.
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