Systems of clearing of the occupied places
There are two systems of clearing: export and floatable (water drain). At export system the collected garbage is transported by special transport on specially taken away places for neutralisation, at the floatable takes out only firm garbage, and liquid excrements (sewage) delete on system of pipes for settlement limits. Sometimes and firm garbage after crushing lowers in a sewer network.
The Export system of clearing of the occupied places from garbage consists of their gathering, removal on neutralisation and recycling places.
Gathering of garbage. As there is firm and liquid garbage also collections for them will be various. So, for gathering of liquid garbage there are various type lavatories and rubbish pits. Their device should exclude pollution of soil, air, underground waters, access of flies to a sewage.
Distinguish lavatories of outdoor type and ljuftklozety. All of them have underground and land parts. The first is called as a cesspool and special demands are made to it, basic of which water resistance is. For this purpose and walls vygreba do a bottom of concrete, a brick or the tarred logs. For tightness strengthening vygreba under its bottom and round walls (thickness of 30 sm) stack a layer of fat clay (the clay lock).
The Best type of lavatories is ljuftklozet. These lavatories are arranged in the dwelling, therefore they warm and convenient in using. That fetid gases did not get into the dwelling, one of walls ljuftklozeta which the ventilating channel is built in, becomes the general with a flue from the kitchen or heating furnace. The furnace and a flue warm with a number the located ventilating channel and as a result differences of temperatures constant movement of air from apartment in a premise ljuftklozeta is created, then through a toilet seat aperture in a cesspool, and from it through the ventilating channel outside. The daily fire chamber of the furnace provides draught in the channel thanks to which gases from vygreba do not arrive in apartment.
The Land part of a domestic lavatory should have the sufficient sizes, densely closed door, good illumination and a vent pipe. Build domestic lavatories on distance not more close 20 m from residential buildings.
For plum of the slops formed from washing, washing, washing of premises, cookings apply rubbish pits. As in slops the organic substances, capable to rot, and microorganisms among which can be and pathogenic the underground part of a rubbish pit is arranged the same as also a cesspool an attire-chnoj contain. Its land part represents a box with densely closed cover and a lattice on which the large parts getting to slops are late. Territory and #8216; round a rubbish pit asphalt or cover with a clay layer.
For gathering of firm garbage arrange musorosborniki various capacity depending on their appointment. If it is room musorosbornik it should be such that it could be lifted easily. If it is domestic musorosbornik, its capacity should contain dust from many apartments. Musorosborniki should correspond to following requirements: they should be impenetrable, with dense walls and a bottom, to have a cover for protection against flies and an atmospheric precipitation and on volume to correspond to one-daily accumulation of dust, to warn its rotting.
Room musorosborniki (capacity 10-20 usual metal buckets with covers more often represent, domestic (capacity 80-120) can be stationary and portable. Stationary musorosborniki have the rectangular or cylindrical form. Them place on some pieces in court yard or quarter territory on the asphalted or stamped platforms surrounded with a fence from a bush. Domestic musorosborniki there should be on distance not more close 15 m from a residential building. Portable or replaceable musorosborniki (containers) are more hygienic as them establish on special platforms and take out the special transport equipped with elevating cranes. On the place occupied with filled containers, put pure, empty.
Neutralization and recycling of garbage. The collected garbage takes out assenizatsionnym transport (tankers, motor vehicles-garbage trucks) on neutralisation places. Neutralisation of liquid garbage is spent by means of a soil method, using ability of soil to self-cleaning. At this method a sewage rich with organic substances mineralizujutsja, pathogenic microorganisms perish, and the soil is enriched by such microcells, as nitrogen, phosphorus, kaly. However pollution of agricultural crops by pathogenic microflora and eggs gelmintov is thus possible. To avoid it, it is necessary to carry out strictly sanitary
The rules defining and uses limiting conditions of a sewage. From soil methods of neutralisation of Liquid garbage fields of sewage disposal and zapahivanija are more often used.
The Ground areas under sewage disposal fields are taken away outside of settlement, 1 km from residential areas is not closer, are protected by a ditch with earthen shaft and a strip of green plantings. All territory of fields shares on sites-cards which serially fill in with a sewage and plough up. The width of a card should be no more than 100 m. of the Card are surrounded with flutes. Fill in cards as follows: the cards planned to a gulf preliminary plough, transport with garbage (flanks, tankers) approaches on internal prodrivings to the planned cards, on wooden planked footway drives on a card and is released from a sewage. A sewage pours out on the ploughed soil an equal layer. During the warm period of year of a card fill in 2-3 times with an interval in 1-1,5 months. After last gulf this site plough up and leave till the spring when it sow. Each field of sewage disposal fill in with a sewage once in three years. In the first year after a gulf on sewage disposal fields it is possible to grow up such agricultural crops which the population does not use in food in a crude kind. Therefore recommend following alternation of cultivation of cultures: 1st year - a gulf; 2nd year - cultivation of fodder grasses, cereals; 3rd year - a stock beet; 4th year - a potato.
Fields zapahivanija are arranged the same as also sewage disposal fields, but they serve only for neutralisation of a sewage; on them do not grow up agricultural crops. In this connection fields zapahivanija can accept a considerable quantity of a sewage.
To neutralisation of firm garbage at export system of clearing apply mechanical (the mechanised factories on processing of a household waste, musoropere-rabatyvajushchie factories), biothermal (kompostirovanie, a dust bookmark in hotbeds, advanced dumps), himiko-thermal (utilizatsionnye factories), thermal (musoroszhiganie) and other methods.
The Biothermal method is based on ability of firm garbage samonagrevatsja owing to activity termofilnyh microorganisms. So, kompostirovanie dust it is known for a long time already and it is applied in a kind kompostnyh heaps and fields kompostirovanija. Kompostnuju a heap arrange on a personal plot on the equal stamped clay platform located not more close 20 m from zhi-i lja or from a well. On this platform stack a layer of dust in the thickness of 15 sm and a layer of the garden earth, then again a layer of dust and an earth layer etc. The height of the turned out stack should make 1 m, length - 3-5 m, width at the basis - 2-3 m, at the top of-1-2 m. Over kompostnoj a heap arrange a canopy for protection from asmosfernyh deposits. Compost maturing proceeds 5-12 months depending on a climate. Thus the garbage containing a considerable quantity of organic substances, at access of oxygen of air and under the influence of soil microorganisms is exposed ekzotermicheskim to biochemical processes, the dust is warmed up and turns in gumus.
Fields kompostirovanija are arranged differently. They should be not more close 500 m from settlement, to be surrounded with a by-pass ditch with shaft and to be protected by green plantings. Here places for dust and prodriving stacks between them are provided. The stack consists only of dust, but from above and from sides it should become covered by a layer (10-20 sm) earth or peat. Compost maturing occurs also within 5-12 months. The ripened compost represents the dark brown friable weight which does not have a smell.
A dust Bookmark in hotbeds make for the purpose of its transformation into biofuel. For this purpose dust prepare and put in stacks even in the winter, and pawn it on a bottom of hotbeds in the spring. From above fill a layer of earth. In the dust loaded into a hotbed occur biochemical ekzotermicheskie processes, and heat allocated thus goes on heating of an overlying layer of earth.
Advanced dumps serve as a place of neutralisation of the dust unsuitable for the economic purposes. By means of these dumps it is possible to level territory, to fall asleep ravines, zabolechennye sites. Places for advanced dumps choose on distance of 1 km from settlement. Dust fall asleep an equal layer of the earth that eliminates a stench and warns vyplod flies. In the dust poured by the earth also there are biochemical processes, mineralizujutsja organic substances, thanks to rise in temperature till 60-70 With With pathogenic microorganisms and gelminty perish. The territory filled up by dust, as a rule, level and plant trees and shrubs.
Musoroszhiganie. If the dust is a little suitable for kompostirovanija or epidemicheski is dangerous, it should be burnt. Burning make at temperature 650 1200 В°s in musoroszhigajushchih furnaces which can be located in city boundaries, but 300 m from habitation are not closer. Formed warmly and slag use in a national economy. From slag produce building materials, and warmly use in laundries, baths, on teploelektrotsentraljah.
The fullest recycling of garbage occurs on musorosortirovochnyh stations where from dust select a paper, a tin, textiles. Smaller dust goes on fertilizer, and not used rests burn.
The Floatable system of clearing, or the water drain, is a system of a construction for reception of sewage in places of their formation, transportation for limits of settlement, neutralisation and release in reservoirs or on the ground areas. Advantage of the water drain in comparison with export system of clearing obviously. First of all contact of people to the sewage which is in closed system of pipes is reduced to a minimum, conditions of high sanitary comfort concerning maintenance of personal and public hygiene are created, the general death rate and disease from intestinal infections decreases. Besides, the floatable system of clearing warns pollution by liquid garbage of objects of environment: soils, air, reservoirs. Operation of the water drain is much cheaper, than export system. Therefore water drain building became a town-planning integral part in the USSR.
Distinguish following kinds of the water drain: fekalno economic, industrial and storm. Fekalno-hozjaj-stvennaja the water drain accepts sewage and the liquid garbage formed as a result of economic-household activity and physiological departures of the person. The industrial water drain accepts technical water of the enterprises, storm - an atmospheric precipitation. Besides, the water drain can be separate and obshchesplavnoj. At separate system each of the above described kinds of the water drain exists separately, and at obshchesplavnoj - one sewer network for fekalno-hozjaj-stvennyh and storm drains is created.
The Water drain consists of consistently connected house, intraroom, street and country pipelines on which liquid garbage is deduced to treatment facilities. At the water drain device it is necessary to provide tightness of pipes and joints between them that a liquid sewage did not get into buildings, soil.
The water drain Begins house receivers which toilet bowls concern, bowls, baths. Further sewage on pig-iron pipes (struts) follow in the nearest viewing well, and from the last - in a street sewer network. The street sewer highway is laid is longitudinal on an axis of streets and unites in regional collectors which run into the main collector. The main sewer collector deduces sewage for settlement limits.
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