Sanitary protection of atmospheric air

Protection of atmospheric air represents a complex of various actions among which the cores are the state actions.

The Communist party and the Soviet state show constant care of preservation of the environment. So, on January, 14th, 1960 there was a decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Ministerial council of the USSR ' About measures on the further improvement of health services and public health care of the USSR ' in which actions for liquidation and the prevention of pollution of atmospheric air have been planned.

The Scientific and technical progress penetrating industrial and agricultural branches of a national economy, is impossible without influence on the nature, without an expenditure of its resources.

This problem becomes aggravated in industrial development. In process of involving in manufacture in increasing assortment and scale of natural resources the great value is got by struggle against emissions of the enterprises metallurgical, oil refining, chemical and other industries, and also transport, power stations and agriculture.

In the decision of the Supreme body of the USSR from September, 20th, 1972 ' About measures on the further improvement of wildlife management and rational use of natural resources ' it is considered to be protection of atmospheric air of one of the major state problems.

In decisions of XXV congress of the CPSU it was specified about necessity of protection of atmospheric air and specific targets in this area before the separate ministries and departments have been developed. For example, before motor industry there was a task in view of the further perfection of automobile engines and creation of electromobiles, necessity of decrease in toxicity of exhaust gases and wider use gazoballonnogo fuel in densely populated cities of Soviet Union is caused.

To reduce pollution of cities, XXV congress has planned ways of primary development of atomic engineering.

In 1980 the Law of the USSR on protection of atmospheric air has been passed. It contains a number of essentially new positions directed on strengthening of protection of atmospheric air from pollution and dru gih of harmful influences. In it the establishment of hygienic specifications of maximum permissible concentration of emissions of substances polluting atmosphere for the first time is provided.

The attention and at XXVI congress of the CPSU has been paid to the Problem of protection of atmospheric air. Here, along with perfection of technological processes and vehicles for the purpose of reduction of emissions of harmful substances in environment, the increase in release highly effective gazopyleulavlivajushchih devices, and also devices and automatic stations of the control over a condition of a surrounding environment was offered. For the purpose of reduction of pollution of atmosphere it is offered to reduce considerably also use of peat as fuel on thermal power stations.

In decisions of XXVII congress of the CPSU the task in view to strengthen protection of atmospheric air. It is for this purpose provided to improve technological processes, the equipment and vehicles, to improve quality of raw materials and fuel, to introduce highly effective installations for., clearings of industrial and other emissions.

Planirovochnye actions concern first of all questions of placing of the industrial enterprises (sources of pollution of atmospheric air) and settlements. Thus the industrial enterprises should raspo-. lagatsja so that dominating in given • districts winds blew from residential areas on the enterprises, rather the reverse. Otherwise the pollution most part will be carried away with smoke or other emissions towards a settlement residential zone.

It is necessary to establish a sanitary-protective zone between the enterprises and residential areas. In the USSR all industrial enterprises for harm share on five classes according to which exists also five sanitary-protective zones that is reflected in ' Sanitary norms of designing of the industrial enterprises ' (SN 245-71). The size of a sanitary-protective zone depends on the harm of emissions caused by their qualitative and quantitative features, capacity of the enterprise and other factors.

Thus, the sanitary-protective zone provides removal of the industrial enterprise from residential buildings. But in itself this removal yet does not solve completely a problem of reduction of pollution of atmosphere. The Sanitary-protective zone should be necessarily planted trees and shrubs. Value of green plantings in decrease in pollution of atmosphere undoubtedly. At a choice of trees for an accomplishment of sanitary-protective zones it is necessary to consider their feature differently to detain a dust. It is established, that the elm is detained more dust, than by a linden, a maple and a poplar. So, at an elm the dust content of a green cover makes 3,39 mg on 1 m ² surfaces of leaves, while at a lilac - 1,61, at a linden - 1,32, at a maple - 1,05, at a poplar - 0,55 mg.

mnogorjadnaja the strip of green plantings is capable to lower considerably concentration of exhaust gases in a zone of foot movement.

Width of a zone define according to sanitary classification of manufactures (SN 245-71). If on border of officially established sanitary-protective zone concentration of harmful substances remains above maximum concentration limit, the width of a zone should be accordingly increased. Besides, according to the requirement of the Main sanitary-and-epidemiologic management of Ministry of Health and Gosstroy of the USSR, the size of a sanitary-protective zone can be increased, but no more than in 3 times. It happens at the big capacity of manufacture, at absence or insufficient efficiency of provided methods of clearing of emissions, at placing of an industrial platform with navetrennoj the parties in relation to residential areas, in the presence of considerable background pollution.