Industrial harm and professional illnesses
Industrial harm are factors of the industrial environment and labour process which can make harmful impact on an organism of the working. Distinguish the following industrial harm: physical - electromagnetic fields of radio frequencies, noise, vibration, laser radiation; chemical - industrial poisons; biological - infections, invazii. To industrial vrednostjam the industrial dust, the raised weight and intensity of work concern also. Such division industrial vrednostej is based on the classification of production factors provided by GOST 12 ' Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification '.
Their nature according to which they are subdivided on physical is put In a basis of classification of harmful production factors, chemical, biological and psychophysiological.
The Group of physical factors includes moving cars and mechanisms, the mobile parts of the industrial equipment moving products, preparations, the materials collapsing designs, falling rocks. Besides, the raised dust content and the gassed condition raised or the lowered temperature of air of a working zone, and also the equipment, the materials, the raised level concern them on a workplace of noise, vibration, infrasonic fluctuations, ultrasound, a static electricity, electromagnetic radiation. This group of factors humidity of air, its mobility, ionisation, the atmospheric pressure, the raised value of pressure in the electric chain which short circuit can occur through a body of the person, supplement raised or lowered absence or a lack of natural or artificial illumination of the working zone, raised brightness of light, a pulsation of a light stream, level of the ultra-violet or infra-red radiation, lowered contrast, the direct and reflected brightness, weightlessness.
The Group of chemical production factors shares on two parts: 1) on character of influence on the person - toxic, irritating, sensibilizirujushchie, cancerogenic, mutagen etc.; 2) on ways of penetration to a human body - through bodies of breath, the food channel, a skin and a mucous membrane.
Biological production factors are pathogenic microorganisms and products of their ability to live, poisonous plants and sick animals.
Physical and psychological overloads concern psychophysiological dangerous and harmful factors. The first share on static and dynamic, the second are included by an intellectual overstrain, monotony of labour processes, emotional overloads, an overstrain of analyzers.
As a result of influence on an organism set forth above vrednostej occurrence of diseases which are called as professional is possible. Occupational diseases can be specific and nonspecific. The first arise at action on an organism working factors of the industrial environment. Them concern pnevmokoniozy, professional a dyskinesia, dekompressionnaja and vibrating illnesses, the industrial intoxications which are not meeting in a life. At work with industrial poisons (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.) there can be specific professional poisonings.
Many diseases can be caused not only professional, but also others adverse fak torami, for example, a bronchial asthma at furriers and pharmacists, a chronic bronchitis at the workers connected with an industrial dust, pojasnichno-kresttsovyj a radiculitis at the workers occupied with heavy physical work. These diseases name nonspecific. To the diseases connected with long work standing and walking, especially in a combination with redurable weights, it is possible to carry ploskostopie. It is often found out in loaders, type-setters. At long standing, and also at lifting and carrying over of weights in the compelled inclined position of a body various curvatures of a spine column, mainly in a kind kifozov, and also deformation of a basin at women can develop. Stay in position standing leads to changes in vessels of the bottom finitenesses which most typical display is varikoznoe expansion of veins (loaders, waitresses, hairdressers, machine operators, etc.).
Long position of a body sitting can promote infringement of function of bodies of the digestion shown in a kind kolitov and chronic locks, development of hemorrhoids and infringement menstrualnogo a cycle.
Pressure of bodies of a support and movement which is tested by the worker at performance of certain work, also can be the reason of occurrence of occupational diseases. For example, kripitirujushchy tendovaginit forearms often meets at joiners, carpenters, mechanics, milkmaids, pianists. Considerable muscular and articulate pressure sometimes leads to development mialgii, miozita, a neuralgia and nevrita. All these phenomena are accompanied by a pain, easing of muscular force, loss of sensitivity and an atrophy of a muscular fabric.
The Basic preventive action warning development of diseases, connected with the big loading, the compelled position of a body, pressure of bodies of a support and movement, mechanisation of labour-intensive processes is. So, mechanisation of razgruzochno-loading works has considerably facilitated work of the navvy, otkatchika, etc. the Second preventive measure improvement of the manual tool - reduction of its weight, handle reconstruction etc. is.
The Great value in the prevention of occupational diseases has restriction of admissible weight of cargo at its moving. So, for women a limit rate weight resocks are 20 kg, and at manual transportations depending on a type of transport (a trolley, the cart) - within 50-600 kg.
The Important preventive actions are also reduction of the working day (in the USSR for teenagers at the age of 16-18 years the working day is reduced to 6, a rational mode of work and rest, the correct organisation of a workplace, carrying out of industrial gymnastics, application of massage and thermal trays for preventive maintenance tendovaginita during breaks and after the work, special massage and self-massage.
The Big role in preventive maintenance of the occupational diseases resulting influence of harmful and dangerous production factors, plays preliminary (at receipt for work) and the subsequent periodic medical inspections.
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