the Sketch of history of development of hygiene

Hygiene is one of the most ancient sciences. In historical documents of the people of the ancient world it is possible to find out the data testifying to presence of elements of sanitary culture and hygienic skills well developed for this time. So, in Ancient Egypt (1500 BC) marshy soil was drained by means of a drainage, were available rules under the maintenance of streets, houses and removal of a sewage, have been equipped constructions on water supply.

The treatise of the founder of scientific medicine Gippokrata testifies To hygiene development in a classical antiquity (460-377 BC) ' About vozduhah, waters and districts ' in which supervision and theoretical reasonings on influence of factors of environment on health of the person and about their communication with illnesses are stated. Later doctrine Gippokrata was developed by its pupils. In due course these sights began to be systematised in hygienic rules.

In the Ancient Greece the sanitary police ' which observed of building of houses, sale of foodstuff and drinks kept special '. To struggle against infectious illnesses it was applied okurivanie by sulphur of inhabited and public premises, for removal of a liquid sewage and drains the water drain has been arranged.

In Ancient Rome the big development was received by the water constructions supplying the population by potable water.

In the Middle Ages of the big achievements in the field of sanitary culture it was not observed, as at this time it is furious -

stvovali epidemics accompanied by high death rate and numerous В destruction of people.

Hygiene has started to develop In Russia early enough. Monuments of Old Russian writing in which it was mentioned testify to it, that at building of cities and villages it is necessary to avoid low and marshy sites as especially hazardous to health. Archeological excavations have shown, that in Old Russian cities waterpipes have been built. ' Domostroe ' it was specified as to store products in a monument of the Russian literature, to support cleanliness of a body and linen, to observe a diet.

Substantial increase of sanitary culture in Russia is marked at Peter I. Under its decree bridge, special supervisors have been constructed watched a sanitary accomplishment of the occupied places. One of its decrees said, that ' trading in edibles carried a white uniform and observed in all cleanliness '.

Thus, separate hygienic actions developed at early steps of social development. As the science hygiene was generated only in XIX century

In hygiene development in XIX century large epidemics of a cholera, a typhus, a smallpox breaking industrial production and commercial relations, and also development exact (physicists, chemistry) and natural (microbiology, epidemiologii and physiology) sciences, technics have played a role. Struggle against epidemics demanded carrying out of improving actions, first of all in the field of an accomplishment of the occupied places. All it created preconditions of transition from an empirical direction in hygiene to experimental studying of hygienic and sanitary problems.

During the same period there were first hygienic scientific institutions and there were first scientific works. So, in England in 1857 by scientist-hygienist E.Parksom it has been published ' the Management to practical hygiene ', in Germany M.Pettenkofer has carried out researches on ventilation and dwelling heating. In Russia the hygienic science was headed by scientists-physicians And. P.Dobroslavin and F.F.Erisman.

And. P.Dobroslavin was the first professor who has headed chair of hygiene in Mediko-surgical academy, published such fundamental managements on hygiene, as ' Sketches of bases of sanitary activity ', ' Hygiene. A course of public public health services ', the textbook ' the Course of military hygiene ', the developed number of practical sanitary actions. Under the initiative And. P, Dobroslavina in Petersburg the hygienic laboratory for the first time has been organised.

Outstanding Russian hygienist F.F.Erisman in 1882 has headed chair of hygiene of the Moscow university. It supervised over all largest sanitary actions spent in Moscow (the device of a waterpipe, the water drain, city clearing etc.). Under its initiative the building of Hygienic institute has been constructed, the city sanitary station is organised. F.F.Erisman conducted the big socially-scientific work, appearing in print and at hygienic congresses with propagation of Russian public medicine. It publishes a management on hygiene which was three times republished.

The Great October socialist revolution has given possibility in the state scale to solve social problems of hygiene. The party program accepted at VIII congress RKP (in 1919, has defined a preventive direction of the Soviet public health services, the maintenance and a direction of activity of sanitary bodies of the country and work of research establishments. The network of hygienic scientific research institutes, laboratories has extended, the number of hygienic chairs at medical institutes has increased.

The Decision of the important practical problems arising before public health service of the country in connection with rapid development of the industry and agriculture, promoted development of a hygienic science in the USSR. It has led to transformation of separate branches of hygiene in independent displiny: hygiene of work, a clod munalnaja hygiene, hygiene of a food, hygiene of children and teenagers, hygiene of treatment-and-prophylactic establishments, military and radiating hygiene.

Hygienic requirements began to take root widely into a life.

The Most outstanding figures of hygiene during the Soviet period are N.A.Semashko, A.N.Marzeev, etc.

N.A.Semashko (1874 V 1949) was the first national commissioner of public health services of RSFSR, colleague V.I.Lenin, the founder of social hygiene, the author more than 250 works on theoretical and organizational questions of public health services, school hygiene, medicine history.

3. P.Solovev (1876-1928) was one of the first organizers and theorists of the Soviet civil and military public health services. He participated in working out of questions of a preventive direction of the Soviet medicine, dispansernogo a method of service of the population, the organisation of Military-public health service red Army etc.

A.N.Sysin (1879-1956) has made the big impact on development of researches on the general and municipal hygiene in the USSR, has created bases of the Soviet sanitary business and the sanitary legislation. A.N.Sysin accepted active participation in the decision of the hygienic questions connected with development of the Far North and development of new industrial regions USSR, worked over acclimatisation problems.

A.N.Marzeev (1883-1956) was the organizer and the director of the Ukrainian institute of municipal hygiene, the initiator of creation of the first sanepidstantsy in our country. Academician AMN the USSR A.N.Marzeev has created the first stable textbook on municipal hygiene for sanitary-and-hygienic faculties of medical institutes, participated in the decision of the hygienic problems connected with the most important parties of socialist building.