Metrology and standardization

The Metrology is a science about measurements and methods of maintenance of their unity and demanded accuracy. Its basic problem - an establishment of units of measurements, their reproduction in the form of standards, and also working out of methods of transfer of the sizes of units from standards to exemplary and from them, to working gauges.

In medicine measure almost all known physical sizes characterising properties or conditions of biological object, tests taken from it, tests of environment, measurement of parametres of various kinds of radiation (light, thermal, x-ray) etc.

In system of Ministry of Health of the USSR the metrological service of the public health services which problem is maintenance of unity of measurements and monotony of the gauges used in various areas of medicine is created. It operates in close contact to bodies of the State metrological service under the general methodical control of the State committee of the USSR, under standards.

The Material base of metrological service consists of system of repair shops ' Medtehnika ' with laboratories of measuring technics, the repair-testing enterprises of other ministries and departments, metrological divisions of establishments, the organisations and the enterprises of public health services which are the cores as the duty is assigned to them on constant maintenance in a serviceable condition of maintained iatrotechnics and measuring apparatuses obshchetehnicheskogo appointments.

Normative and technical base of metrological service of public health services are the complex of state standards of the state measures and the state system of standards of instrument making, typical supervising and methodical materials of the State committee of the USSR under standards, and also branch supervising documents concerning metrology. The measuring devices which are available in laboratories, should pass the metrological control that the obtained data corresponded to the uniform standard.

Standardization - an establishment of uniform norms and the requirements shown to raw materials, half-finished products and finished articles and materials. Norms and requirements are made out in the form of the documents named standards. In the USSR the unique form of standards are state all-union standards (gosty), obligatory for all enterprises and departments. Standards are developed by All-Union scientific research institute of standardization, affirm and installed by the State committee of the USSR on standards. The standard affirms on the basis of the work executed taking into account achievements of a science, technics, practical experience and is, thus, the quality standard by which it is necessary to be guided at carrying out of laboratory researches. State standards provide, what type, a kind, mark, the article, the form, the sizes, quality and norms (on physical properties, a chemical compound, cleanliness degree, appearance etc.) Characterising a product and materials, should be issued on certain groups of production. Test methods for check with certain accuracy of the established norms, requirements and characteristics are provided. By means of standardization uniform concepts, designations, sizes, requirements, documentation system are established also.

In 1970 GOST 1 establishing the state system of standardization of the USSR is installed.

According to GOST 1 there are such categories of standards: the state all-union standard of the USSR (GOST), branch and republican standards (OST, RST), standards of the enterprises (STP).

State standards of the USSR are established, as a rule, on groups of production of mass application and on the products having great value for a national economy.

Branch standards are obligatory for all enterprises and the organisations of the certain branch producing the goods, and also the branch applying and consuming these goods. OST are issued by the ministries in which conducting there is a release of given production. They are established on those kinds of the goods for which state standards are not established.

Republican standards, are obligatory for all enterprises and the organisations of certain union republic; affirm Ministerial council of union republic and are established on the separate goods produced in this republic.

Standards of the enterprises are obligatory only for the given enterprise and affirm its head. Are applied only at this enterprise.

In the absence of the state, branch or republican standards on any kind of production, and also if necessary to change or add the requirements established in standards, specifications (THAT) are developed. They affirm the ministries in which conducting there is a release of given production, and should be registered in All-Union information fund of standards.

Each GOST has following designations: registration number and year of the statement (two last figures). In OST still the conditional digital designation of the ministry,