Hygienic and epidemiological value of soil

The Soil is the environment factor with which the person is directly connected during all life. Upholstered on a surface of the Earth, extracting from it water and minerals, making various earthen and agricultural works, the person constantly is exposed to influence of the factors connected with soil and influencing its health and conditions of a life.

In 1878 F.F.Erisman wrote: ' We syzdavna have got used to look at soil, as on a thing which condition is indifferent for our health. Meanwhile the mankind many times paid for this dangerous error, but till now only the few have come to such conclusion, that the soil has the same value, as air '.

By soil mean the top layer of a surface of the Earth, consisting of the mineral and organic substances, occupied by a considerable quantity of microorganisms. The chemical compound of a mineral part of soil is defined by its origin. As a part of sandy soils connections of silicon, limy calcium, clay - aluminium prevail. The organic part of soil consists of the rests of an animal and flora ’, exposed to difficult transformations.

The soil Structure defines district vegetation, a chemical compound of foodstuff. Quantitative fluctuations of those or other chemical elements in soil lead to a lack or their surplus of foodstuff, water that influences population health. So, for example, it is known, that the lack of iodine of soil of some districts causes its low maintenance in plants and underground waters, so and in a population diet that promotes occurrence endemicheskogo a craw.

If the soil becomes soiled harmful garbage from the industrial enterprises or in it the pesticides applied at agricultural works for pest control it can worsen organolepticheskie properties of the foodstuff growing on given soil collect, or to make their unhealthy the person.

The Soil, nagretaja the sun, influences thermal properties of a ground layer of atmosphere. Physical and chemical properties of soil define depth of an arrangement and structure of underground waters. High standing of subsoil waters influences humidity of air and a district microclimate as promotes its bogging, does a climate unhealthy, crude. It, in turn, causes dampness of buildings. Therefore the relief of soil and level of standing of subsoil waters in it consider at a choice of the ground areas for building.

Soil use for neutralisation and recycling of the garbage formed in the course of ability to live of the person. Garbage is rich with organic substances and can contain pathogenic microorganisms and eggs gelmintov. At a bad accomplishment of the occupied places and irregular clearing garbage pollutes soil. Thus the organic part of garbage decays with formation of the fetid gases polluting atmospheric air, is a nutrient medium for pathogenic microorganisms. They, in turn, pollute underground waters, foodstuff (vegetables), extending flies, rodents and with a soil dust.

Pathogenic microorganisms get to soil with excrements and corpses of people and animals, victims from infectious diseases. The soil is the important factor in dysentery distribution, tifoparatifoznyh the diseases, especially dangerous infections and gelmintozov. The majority of pathogenic microorganisms is not found in soil enough by satisfactory conditions for existence and gradually perish. Their life expectancy is various. So, dysentery activators can be in soil about 3-7 months, brjushno-typhus sticks - to 1,5 years. In soil there live from several o'clock about several days activators tuljaremii, a tuberculosis, pathogenic lep-tospiry, etc. the Soil also is the tank enterovi-rusov. Pollution of soil by them can occur at hit of excrements and economic-household sewage. The survival rate of a virus of a poliomyelitis in soil makes from 25 till 130 days depending on a temperature mode.

Tens years live in soil pathogenic microorganisms - activators of the Siberian ulcer, a botulism, a tetanus and a gas gangrene. Diseases by a tetanus and a gas gangrene arise at traumatic damage with the subsequent pollution of wounds by the soil containing activators of these diseases. Therefore protivostolbnjachnuju whey is necessary for entering to persons with the damages polluted by soil, and also to children, military, fire, to navvies without fail. Sticks of the Siberian ulcer can get with vydelenijami the animals sick of the Siberian ulcer, with their corpses, and also with sewage of skinneries. Cattle infection occurs at eating of the grass polluted by disputes of the Siberian ulcer.

On obsemenennost soils pathogenic microorganisms its depth influences. With increase in depth of soil the quantity of microorganisms decreases. So, if on depth to 10 sm the quantity reaches them of hundreds thousand, already on depth of 25 their sm at 10-20 time less. В destructions of microorganisms such factors, as humidity and soil temperature, antagonism of microorganisms, aeration of soil and speed of its self-cleaning from organic pollution promote.

With excrements of the person eggs can get to soil gelmintov. The eggs which have ripened in soil get to a human body with the vegetables polluted by not neutralised excrements, with water and a soil dust. So eggs askaridy, vlasoglava, etc.