the Hygienic characteristic of sources of water supply

Underground or superficial waters, and in droughty areas - an atmospheric precipitation (rain water, snow) can be water supply Sources.

To any source of water supply make such demands which would guarantee high quality of water in a natural condition or after its processing, safety in protivoepidemicheskom the relation, and also at influence of the toxic and radioactive substances containing in water. Certain requirements are shown and to elektrolitnomu to water structure.

Water of the seas, oceans, the rivers and other open reservoirs, heating up solar beams, evaporates in air. The quantity of water steams increases also at the expense of allocation by their plants, animals and people. Sating air, water steams in an upper atmosphere form clouds which are carried away on different distances at the expense of speed of movement of air. If the cloud gets to conditions of low temperature or higher atmospheric pressure, the size of the maximum humidity in these conditions decreases, the superfluous quantity of steams is condensed and, depending on temperature conditions, drops out in the form of a rain, a hailstones or snow.

The Atmospheric precipitation, having got on a surface of soil and forming streams, flows down to natural and artificial reservoirs, merges with river water and is carried away in the seas and oceans. The part of rain waters gets on a soil time deep into and forms underground waters. And water movement on a time of soil and its accumulation depend from osobenostej soil and rocks through which there passes water. There are water-permeable and water-proof breeds, the last are called still as waterproof.

The chalk and limestone concern water-permeable breeds sand, supesok, gravel, galechnik. Waterproof breeds are presented continuous zaleganijami a granite, dense sandstone or limestone, glinami. Depending on depth zaleganija distinguish soil, soil and mezhplastovye underground waters.

Soil waters are called still verhovodkoj. These waters are formed at the expense of a filtration through soil of an atmospheric precipitation and are near to an earth surface. In due course the part of this water filters deep into, and the part evaporates. During the period snegotajanija and plentiful rains the quantity of soil waters increases. Thus, the diet verhovodki is unstable, as completely depends on quantity of the atmospheric precipitation which is dropping out in limited territory. The affinity to a surface of soil owing to possible bacterial pollution does soil water of the least suitable as a water supply source.

Subsoil waters are formed at the expense of a congestion profiltrirovannoj waters on the first from an earth surface a waterproof layer. Subsoil waters move ahead in a direction of a bias of a spreading waterproof layer. Depth zaleganija subsoil waters can reach several tens metres. On the extent this vodonosnyj the horizon is not blocked by water-proof breeds and consequently has the big zone of a food. The food zone is a territory on which there is a filtration in soil of the atmospheric precipitation feeding given horizon.

If the waterproof layer is located near to an earth surface water, mixing up with soil, forms a bog in this place.

If on an earth surface there is a hollow water from located close vodonosnogo horizon will fill it and forms an open reservoir. If the hollow is located on a water-proof layer, in it water will gather and the underground lake sometimes reaching of the huge sizes is formed.

At an arrangement of a waterproof layer under a corner to horizon underground water will flow down on its bias (speed of movement of water of 0,1-20 m/sut) and can leave on an earth surface. So keys and springs are formed. More often they meet on slopes of ravines and heights.

Naturally subsoil waters are not polluted, have insignificant chromaticity, a transparency and are quite suitable for economic-drinking water supply. These waters often use in a countryside by means of the device of mine and tubular wells. The chemical compound of subsoil waters completely reflects Having got soils from which they occur. On chemical Having got subsoil waters the climate influences also. So, on the brother-in-law of our country the quantity of the connections dissolved in water makes some tens milligrammes in 1 l, Central Asia - some grammes in 1 l. If in soil microorganisms, including pathogenic they can be and in water. Are especially dangerous in this respect grunto-jye the waters close located to soil (2-3. And it is natural, the subsoil waters more deeply lie down, the less They are polluted by microorganisms and organic substances, that, in turn, considerably improves organolepticheskie properties of water. In this connection sanitary inspection of a source and the laboratory analysis of water in each separate case are very important at the decision of a question on use of subsoil waters for drink in a crude kind.

mezhplastovye waters differ from soil themes that are between two water-proof layers, one jaz which (bottom) is called as a water-proof bed, and the second (top) - a water-proof roof. And #8216; these waters are distinguished also by absence of a zone of a food. A food mezhplastovogo vodonosnogo horizon occurs only in places of its exit on an earth surface, i.e. At the expense of lateral inflow.

Compressed between a waterproof bed and a roof, water is under pressure owing to a difference of levels of the top and bottom layer vodonosnogo horizon. Depending on size of pressure water can rise in a chink, sometimes streaming on a surface of the earth in the form of a fountain.

At inclined position mezhplastovye vodonosnye horizons become pressure head, and water in a chink can rise above roof level. Such water is called as artesian. mezhplastovye pressure head waters often lie down below several waterproof layers. The artesian chinks using water 20th vodonosnogo of horizon are known.