Hygiene of water and water supply of the occupied places

HYGIENIC AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL VALUE OF WATER

Health of the person to a great extent depends on the major factor of environment - waters. In our country, as well as in other economically developed countries, the volume of water consumption caused in basic concentration of the population in cities constantly grows. In the residential buildings provided with the sanitary-engineering equipment and hot water supply, the expense of water on one person a day reaches 250-350 l. Thus water is spent for following needs: maintenance of cleanliness of a body, including a hygienic shower (120-150, linen washing, cooking and ware washing (nearby 10), dwelling cleaning, removal of a sewage by means of the water drain etc.

Water is necessary for maintenance of cleanliness of public buildings (schools, clubs), for poliva streets and green plantings, and also for mass improving actions (swimming pools).

The water Considerable quantity consumes agriculture. For cultivation 1 t wheat it is required 1500, rice - 4000, a clap - 1000 t waters.

Water is necessary for construction of many structural elements of a human body, animals and plants. The quantity of water in a body of the person makes about 70% of its weight. The basic quantity of water is in cages of fabrics and only 18-20% are necessary on a share of extracellular water. The water maintenance in various fabrics and bodies variously. So, in a skeleton 22%, in a liver, muscles, a brain, heart and other bodies - 70-80, in blood plasma - nearby 90, and in sweat and a saliva - 99,5% of water contain.

Water is necessary for the person for maintenance of a normal functional condition of an organism as is environment in which there are exchange processes. With water exchange end-products leave from an organism through kidneys, easy, guts, a skin. And loss of water within days occurs in following volumes: with urine 1,5 l, by tootdelenija-nearby 0,5 l, through lungs with exhaled air - 350 ml and 100 - 150 ml of water - with kalom are allocated on the average. At work in hot shops or during the hot period of year loss of water by an organism at the expense of strengthened potootdelenija can make 6-10 l. The water considerable quantity can be allocated from an organism at some diseases (a diabetes, food poisonings).

The Human body cannot take out dehydration. At loss of water of 1-1,5 l there is a thirst which is a signal for restoration of water balance. At usual temperature and humidity of environment the water balance of the adult person makes 2,2-2,8 l. Water loss in volume of 20-25% of weight of a body at air temperature above 30 В°s or lower can lead to death.

The Daily requirement for water becomes covered at the expense of a liquid entered into an organism (potable water, tea and other drinks, liquid dishes - 1-1,5, at the expense of the water containing in foodstuff (600-900 ml) and formed in fabrics at oxidation of food substances (300-400 ml). It is known, that at oxidation 100 g fibers it is formed 41 g, fats - 107 g, starch - 55 g waters.

Hence, the requirement for water is defined not only a normal current of physiological processes, but also the expense on the hygienic, economic-household and industrial purposes.

Daily average norms of water consumption on one inhabitant. By them are guided at designing of the centralised water supply for settlements with various degree of an accomplishment. For nekanalizovannyh housing estate areas at using water from water folding columns the norm of water consumption on one inhabitant makes 30-50 l/days

The Great value has a water chemical compound as it can influence a current of diseases, in particular, caused by superfluous or insufficient receipt in a human body of microcells. It is known, that together with water in an organism such microcells, as fluorine, iodine, copper, zinc, the manganese, playing the big role in a metabolism of the person arrive. Distribution of microcells in the nature non-uniformly, therefore people can receive less or, on the contrary, to receive in their superfluous quantity with food and water. The diseases developing at people which reason is the increase in the maintenance of some microcells in water, are called as geochemical endemijami. As a rule, they cover a considerable quantity of people and are characteristic for certain district where in mineral structure of soil and water are absent or there are at a considerable quantity those or other microcells.

So, in the absence of iodine enough in water and food are broken normal development and thyroid gland functions, arises endemichesky a craw. For the Prevention of this disease in areas, endemichnyh on a craw (in Urals Mountains, in Siberia, Central Asia, on caucasus, in the western Ukraine), people should use salt in which it is added jodid kalija (jodirovannaja salt).

The Big hygienic value has presence at water of such microcell, as fluorine which is washed away by water from soil and rocks. The fluorine maintenance in the water, equal 1 mg/l, promotes normal development and a mineralization of bones and a teeth. Receipt in an organism of the raised quantity of fluorine causes disease which is called fljuorozom and is shown by defeat of enamel of a teeth in a kind pigmentirovannyh yellow or brown stains. At the fluorine maintenance in the water, exceeding 5 mg/l, the device is amazed also kostno-articulate. The lack of fluorine of water (less than 0,7 mg/l) leads to development of other disease of a teeth - caries. In connection with that that the majority of sources of water supply contains not enough fluorine, water water in some cities began to enrich fluorine, i.e. To fluorinate. Ftorirovanie make fluoride or kremneftoridom sodium.

One of geochemical endemy is toxic tsianoz (metgemoglobinemija). This disease has been described for the first time in 1945 and develops at the use of water with the raised concentration of salts of nitric acid - nitrates. Children when dairy mixes prepare on water with the maintenance of nitrates exceeding 10 mg/l is more often are ill. Nitrates in the food channel of children by means of microflora are restored in nitrites which, being soaked up in blood and incorporating with oksigemoglobinom, form the met-haemoglobin incapable of carrying over of oxygen. Thus, the oxygen maintenance in blood decreases. All it is shown tsianozom a mucous membrane of eyes, lips and a skin. The pathological phenomena extend on guts, cardiovascular system.

Epidemiological value of water consists that through water such infectious diseases, as a belly typhus can be transferred, the cholera, a dysentery, a paratyphus, Botkin's illness, etc. Activators of these diseases appear in water at hit in it vydeleny patients and bakterionositelej. It can occur at mass bathings in reservoirs, at pollution by a sewage of territory surrounding a reservoir, at linen washing in a reservoir, at dump of a sewage in a reservoir courts. Activators of infectious diseases can get to underground waters from incorrectly arranged cesspool, and in well water with the polluted buckets. Many activators of infectious diseases, having got to water, long time are capable to keep the viability.

Except pathogenic microorganisms in water eggs gelmintov can contain. Through water can be transferred and zoonoznye to an infection. So, with urine of sick rodents, pigs, large horned livestock in a reservoir can get leptospiry, causing leptospiroz at the person. Into a human body leptospiry get at drink of the water polluted by them, and also through a mucous membrane and the damaged skin.

Activators tuleremii, brutselleza, the Siberian ulcer can get to a reservoir not only with vydelenijami sick animals, but also with their corpses.