the Decentralized (local) water supply
This system of water supply is most extended in rural settlements for maintenance with water rather a small amount of people.
At a choice of a source for local water supply are guided ' by Sanitary rules on the device and the maintenance of wells and kaptazhej the springs used for decentralised economic-drinking water supply ' â„– 1226-75, ' by Instruction about activity of bodies and establishments sanepidsluzhby in the field of the state sanitary inspection behind use and protection of water objects ' â„– 2626 from 29.10.82, confirmed MZ the USSR.
According to sanitary rules, water of local water sources should have certain indicators (see ' Hygienic requirements to quality of water of local sources of water supply '). The quantity of consumed water at using local sources of water supply is in limits of 12-20 l/days
Local sources of water supply concern kaptirovannye springs, chisel and mine wells. Mine wells are most extended. They represent the square or round mine reaching to soil or mezhplastovyh of waters, 30 40 m lying down on depth, is more rare - 50 m. Have wells on a height, on distance of 20-30 m from possible sources of pollution (a lavatory, compost). The distance from a well to consumption places should not exceed 100 m.
At the well device it is necessary to provide water-proof fastening of walls of mine. Good stuff for this purpose are ferro-concrete rings of the cylindrical form in diameter of 1 m and height 0,7-1 m, a brick. Fastening protects walls of a well from a collapse and infiltration of the polluted water from top vodonosnyh layers. Therefore fastening should be strong and durable. Rather fast razrushaemost a tree does this material unsuitable for the well device.
Except mine or a trunk in a well distinguish a water reception part, zaglublennuju in vodonosnyj horizon, and an elevated part. On a bottom of a water reception part stack a layer of large sand and gravel. It warns vzmuchivanie waters at its fence. The elevated part of a well ogolovok should act over a surface of the earth not less than on 0,8 m. Ogolovok supply with a cover and establish a canopy from a rain.
To prevent pollution penetration, round a vertical part sruba arrange the clay lock. For this purpose delete soil on 1 m at width and 2 m in depth and fill the formed space with fat clay. Round a well on 0,25 m raise a layer of the earth and do zamoshchennyj a slope in radius not less than 2,5 m. It it is necessary for tap of atmospheric and spilt water.
To protect water from pollution penetration through a well aperture, is better to equip its deaf overlapping and to establish the pump. More often for this purpose. Use piston, and sometimes and centrifugal pumps. For rising of water it is necessary to equip a shaft with the constant public bucket strengthened on it. To use for rising of water by the buckets categorically it is forbidden.
It is necessary not less often than two times a year carefully to clean a well from silt in which the brought microorganisms survive very long. And when there is a possibility of infection of water pathogenic microorganisms, kolodez-; nuju water is necessary for disinfecting. It make when well water does not answer sanitary - to requirements: at oxidability increase, occurrence am - „miaka and nitrites, increase against the usual maintenance of chlorides; at decrease titra an intestinal stick; at occurrence of intestinal infectious diseases among the population using water from a well; after repair or well cleaning; at zatekanii in a well of superficial thawed or rain waters.
Disinfecting spend as follows. In the beginning take out from a well water, clear a bottom and walls of a deposit and pollution and wash their strong (3-5%) a solution chloric to exhaust. After filling of a well with new water enter 1% a solution chloric to exhaust (on a bucket on each cubic metre of water), well mix and leave on 10-12 ch (better for the night). Then take out water from a well until the chlorine pungent smell will disappear, define bacteriological indicators of water and after that allow to use water.
If there is a danger of daily infection of water in a well (disease by intestinal infections), water chlorination in special container is recommended or is direct in a well. In that case the best result gives two-single chlorination: in the morning and in the evening. This chlorination make the same as it is described above, but without clearing and taking out. The daily dose of active chlorine should make 3-4 mg/l. The maintenance of residual chlorine in well water should be supervised periodically.
Effective it is considered chlorination by means of the special ceramic vessels (cartridges) filled chloric izvestju and suspended in a well. At the expense of porous walls of a cartridge chlorine gradually arrives in water. Change chloric to exhaust is made in 1,5-2 months.
If for water supply it is used vodonosnyj the horizon close located to a surface of the earth (6 7 it is possible to equip the tubular well made in the factory way and representing the complete set, consisting of pipes, the filter and the pump. These wells establish without drilling application. The special tip allows to enter pipes into the earth in the shock or rotary way until the bottom part of pipes supplied with apertures and a small grid will go deep in vodonosnyj horizon. On an earth surface establish a column with the piston cylinder and a bar with the handle for otkachki waters.
Advantage of this well in comparison with mine is absence of open communication between underground water and an earth surface, a lack - use possibility only soil, lying down close to a surface of soil, waters.
At use for spring water supply should be arranged kaptazh it, i.e. A special construction for water gathering. Water should create free outflow to avoid formation podpora which can change a direction of an underground current of water and by that to reduce or eliminate its exit on a surface. For this purpose arrange perelivnuju a pipe on which water always flows down from kaptazha.
Round local sources of water supply establish zones of sanitary protection.
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